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AQA A-Level Psychology

Study Notes
1.1.1 Types of Conformity: Internalisation and Compliance
1.1.2 Explanations for Conformity: Informational and Normative Social Influence
1.1.3 Variables affecting conformity in Asch’s research
1.2.1 Explanations for Obedience: Agentic State and Legitimacy of Authority
1.2.2 Situational variables affecting obedience in Milgram’s research
1.2.3 Dispositional explanation for obedience: the Authoritarian Personality
1.3.1 Social support as resistance to social influence
1.3.2 Locus of control as resistance to social influence
1.4.1 Consistency, commitment and flexibility in minority influence
2.1.1 Sensory register, short-term memory and long-term memory
2.1.2 Coding, capacity and duration in the multi-store model
2.2.1 Central executive, phonological loop, visuo-spatial sketchpad and episodic buffer
2.2.2 Coding and capacity in the working memory model
2.3.1 Interference as an explanation for forgetting
2.3.2 Retrieval failure as an explanation for forgetting
2.4.1 Leading questions and eyewitness testimony
2.4.2 Post-event discussion and anxiety in eyewitness testimony
2.4.3 The cognitive interview
3.1.1 Lorenz’s research into attachment
3.1.2 Harlow’s research into attachment
3.2.1 Learning theory as an explanation of attachment
3.2.2 Bowlby’s monotropic theory of attachment
3.2.3 Critical period and internal working model
3.3.1 Ainsworth’s Strange Situation
3.3.2 Secure, insecure-avoidant and insecure-resistant attachment
3.3.3 Cultural variations in attachment
3.4.1 Bowlby’s theory of maternal deprivation
3.4.2 Effects of institutionalisation
3.5.1 Early attachment and later relationships
3.5.2 Internal working model and later relationships
4.1.1 Deviation from ideal mental health
4.1.2 Deviation from social and cultural norms
4.1.3 Failure to function adequately and statistical infrequency
4.2.1 Characteristics of phobias
4.2.2 Characteristics of depression
4.2.3 Characteristics of obsessive-compulsive disorder
4.3.1 The two-process model of phobias
4.3.2 Systematic desensitisation for phobias
4.3.3 Flooding for phobias
4.4.1 Beck’s negative triad and Ellis’s ABC model
4.4.2 Cognitive behaviour therapy for depression
4.5.1 Genetic and neural explanations for OCD
4.5.2 Drug therapy for OCD
5.1.1 The behaviourist approach: classical conditioning and Pavlov
5.1.2 Operant conditioning, reinforcement and Skinner
5.1.3 Social learning theory and Bandura
5.2.1 Internal mental processes and schema
5.2.2 The use of models in cognitive psychology
5.3.1 Genes, genotype, phenotype and evolution
5.3.2 Biological structures, neurochemistry and cognitive neuroscience
5.4.1 The unconscious and structure of personality
5.4.2 Defence mechanisms and psychosexual stages
5.5.1 Free will, self-actualisation and Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
5.5.2 Congruence and conditions of worth
5.6.1 Comparing the major approaches in Psychology
6.1.1 Central and peripheral nervous systems
6.1.2 Somatic and autonomic nervous systems
6.2.1 Sensory, relay and motor neurons
6.2.2 Synaptic transmission, excitation and inhibition
6.3.1 Glands and hormones in the endocrine system
6.3.2 Fight or flight and adrenaline
6.4.1 fMRI as a brain scanning technique
6.4.2 EEGs and ERPs
6.4.3 Post-mortem examinations
6.5.1 Localisation of function and hemispheric lateralisation
6.5.2 Language centres and split brain research
6.5.3 Brain plasticity and functional recovery
7.1.1 Types of experiment
7.1.2 Observational techniques
7.1.3 Self-report techniques
7.1.4 Correlations
7.1.5 Content analysis and case studies
7.2.1 Aims and hypotheses
7.2.2 Sampling methods
7.2.3 Pilot studies and experimental designs
7.2.4 Observational and self-report design
7.2.5 Variables and control
7.2.6 Demand characteristics, investigator effects and ethics
7.2.7 Peer review, economy, reliability and validity
7.2.8 Features of science and scientific reports
7.3.1 Types of data
7.3.2 Primary and secondary data
7.3.3 Descriptive statistics
7.3.4 Presenting quantitative data
7.3.5 Distributions and correlation coefficients
7.3.6 Levels of measurement and coding
7.4.1 The sign test
7.4.2 Probability, significance and errors
7.4.3 Choosing a statistical test
7.4.4 Parametric and non-parametric tests
8.1.1 Universality and bias in Psychology
8.1.2 Gender bias: androcentrism, alpha bias and beta bias
8.1.3 Cultural bias: ethnocentrism and cultural relativism
8.2.1 Hard and soft determinism
8.2.2 Biological, environmental and psychic determinism
8.2.3 Causal explanations in science
8.3.1 Heredity and environment in behaviour
8.3.2 The interactionist approach
8.4.1 Levels of explanation and holism
8.4.2 Biological and environmental reductionism
8.5.1 Idiographic and nomothetic approaches to investigation
8.6.1 Socially sensitive research
9.1.1 Self-disclosure and attraction
9.1.2 Physical attractiveness and the matching hypothesis
9.1.3 Filter theory
9.2.1 Social exchange theory
9.2.2 Equity theory
9.2.3 Rusbult’s investment model
9.2.4 Duck’s phase model of relationship breakdown
9.3.1 Self-disclosure in online relationships
9.3.2 Deception and absence of gating in online relationships
9.4.1 Levels of parasocial relationships
9.4.2 Absorption addiction model
9.4.3 Attachment theory explanation of parasocial relationships
10.1.1 Chromosomes and hormones in biological sex
10.1.2 Diversity in sex development
10.2.1 Binary, non-binary and gender fluid identities
10.2.2 The Bem Sex Role Inventory
10.3.1 Chromosomes and hormones in gender development
10.4.1 Kohlberg’s theory of gender development
10.4.2 Gender schema theory
10.5.1 Social learning theory and gender development
10.5.2 Culture, media and gender roles
10.6.1 Biological explanations of gender incongruence
10.6.2 Social and cultural explanations of gender incongruence
11.1.1 Schemas, assimilation, accommodation and equilibration
11.1.2 Stages of intellectual development
11.1.3 Object permanence, conservation, egocentrism and class inclusion
11.2.1 Zone of proximal development
11.2.2 Scaffolding in cognitive development
11.3.1 Knowledge of the physical world
11.3.2 Violation of expectation research
11.4.1 Selman’s levels of perspective-taking
11.4.2 Theory of mind and the Sally-Anne study
11.4.3 Mirror neuron system and social cognition
12.1.1 Positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia
12.1.2 Issues in diagnosis of schizophrenia
12.2.1 Genetic explanations for schizophrenia
12.2.2 Neural correlates and the dopamine hypothesis
12.3.1 Family dysfunction
12.3.2 Cognitive explanations and dysfunctional thought processing
12.4.1 Typical and atypical antipsychotics
12.5.1 Cognitive behaviour therapy for schizophrenia
12.5.2 Family therapy for schizophrenia
12.6.1 Diathesis-stress model and interactionist treatment
13.1.1 Evolutionary explanations for food preferences
13.1.2 Learning, social and cultural influences on food preferences
13.2.1 The hypothalamus in eating behaviour
13.2.2 Ghrelin and leptin in eating behaviour
13.3.1 Genetic and neural explanations for anorexia nervosa
13.3.2 Family systems theory and anorexia nervosa
13.3.3 Social learning theory and anorexia nervosa
13.3.4 Cognitive theory and anorexia nervosa
13.4.1 Biological explanations for obesity
13.4.2 Psychological explanations for obesity
14.1.1 General adaptation syndrome
14.1.2 HPA system and sympathomedullary pathway
14.1.3 The role of cortisol in stress
14.2.1 Immunosuppression and stress
14.2.2 Cardiovascular disorders and stress
14.3.1 Life changes and daily hassles
14.3.2 Workplace stress: workload and control
14.4.1 Self-report scales for measuring stress
14.4.2 Physiological measures of stress
14.5.1 Personality types A, B and C
14.5.2 Hardiness and stress
14.6.1 Drug therapy, stress inoculation therapy and biofeedback
14.6.2 Gender differences in coping with stress
14.6.3 Social support and coping with stress
15.1.1 Neural and hormonal mechanisms in aggression
15.1.2 Genetic factors and the MAOA gene
15.2.1 Ethological explanation of aggression
15.2.2 Evolutionary explanations of human aggression
15.3.1 Frustration-aggression hypothesis
15.3.2 Social learning theory and aggression
15.3.3 De-individuation and aggression
15.4.1 Dispositional explanations of institutional aggression
15.4.2 Situational explanations of institutional aggression
15.5.1 Computer games and aggression
15.5.2 Desensitisation, disinhibition and cognitive priming
16.1.1 Typology approach to offender profiling
16.1.2 Data-driven and geographical profiling
16.2.1 Genetic explanations of offending behaviour
16.2.2 Neural explanations of offending behaviour
16.3.1 Eysenck’s theory of the criminal personality
16.3.2 Cognitive explanations and moral reasoning
16.3.3 Cognitive distortions
16.3.4 Differential association theory
16.4.1 Custodial sentencing
16.4.2 Behaviour modification in custody
16.4.3 Anger management and restorative justice
17.1.1 Dependence, tolerance and withdrawal syndrome
17.2.1 Genetic vulnerability to addiction
17.2.2 Personality and social influences in addiction
17.3.1 Brain neurochemistry and dopamine in nicotine addiction
17.3.2 Learning theory and cue reactivity in nicotine addiction
17.4.1 Learning theory and reinforcement in gambling addiction
17.4.2 Cognitive theory and cognitive bias in gambling addiction
17.5.1 Drug therapy for addiction
17.5.2 Behavioural interventions for addiction
17.5.3 Cognitive behaviour therapy for addiction
17.6.1 Prochaska’s six-stage model of behaviour change

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